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Fragmented Sleep Harms Memory

Broken sleep affects the ability to build memories according to recent studies on mice.
The Proceedings of the National Academy of Science findings could help explain memory problems linked to conditions including Alzheimer's and sleep apnoea. The Stanford University found disrupting sleep made it harder for the animals to recognise familiar objects. A UK sleep expert said the brain used deep sleep to evaluate the day's events and decide what to keep. This study looked at sleep that was fragmented, but not shorter or less intense than normal for the mice. It used a technique called optogenetics, where specific cells are genetically engineered so they can be controlled by light. They targeted a type of brain cell that plays a key role in switching between the states of being asleep and being awake.

Writing in the journal, the researchers, led by Dr Luis de Lecea, said: "Sleep continuity is one of the main factors affected in various pathological conditions that impact memory, including Alzheimer's and other age-related cognitive deficits." Broken sleep also affects people addicted to alcohol, and those with sleep apnoea - a condition in which the throat repeatedly narrows or closes during sleep, restricting oxygen and causing the patient to wake up.

The researchers add there is no evidence of a causal link between sleep disruption and any of these conditions. But they added: "We conclude that regardless of the total amount of sleep or sleep intensity, a minimal unit of uninterrupted sleep is crucial for memory consolidation."

Independent sleep expert Dr Neil Stanley, a former chairman of the British Sleep Society, said: "During the day, we accumulate all these memories. "At some point we have to sort through what's happened during the day. "There are some things that we need to 'lock down' as a permanent hard memory. "That process occurs in deep sleep. So anything that affects sleep will have an effect on that process to a greater or a lesser extent."

Dr Stanley said there was particularly striking evidence that people with sleep apnoea had particular problems "locking down" memories. And he added that people with Alzheimer's often had trouble sleeping, but said: "There is something there. But whether it's the degeneration of the brain that causes poor sleep, or poor sleep that aids the degeneration of the brain has not been determined."

Life Right can help with sleep issues/insomnia. Click here

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Mum's Stress Is Passed To Baby In The Womb

Endorsing information we have been telling patients for some time, A mother's stress can spread to her baby in the womb and may cause a lasting effect according to German researchers.
They have seen that a receptor for stress hormones appears to undergo a biological change in the unborn child if the mother is highly stressed, for example, because of a violent partner and this change may leave the child less able to handle stress themselves.
It has already been linked to mental illness and behavioural problems.

The findings, published in the journal Translational Psychiatry, are based on a small study of 25 women and their children, now aged between 10 and 19. And the researchers point out that the women involved in the study had exceptional home circumstances and that most pregnant women would not be exposed to such levels of stress day in and day out. Furthermore, the researchers say the findings are not conclusive - many other factors, including the child's social environment while growing up, might be involved.

For their study, they looked at the genes of the mums and the adolescents to find any unusual patterns. Some of the teens had changes to one particular gene - the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) - that helps regulate the body's hormonal response to stress. Such genetic alterations typically happen while the baby is still developing in the womb. And the scientists believe they are triggered by the mum-to-be's poor state of emotional wellbeing at the time of the pregnancy.

In the study, these mums had been living with the constant threat of violence from their husband or partner. And it would appear this continued stress took its toll on the pregnancy. When the babies were followed up one to two decades later as adolescents, they had changes in the genetics of their GR that other teenagers did not. This "methylation" of GR appears to make the individual more tuned in or sensitised to stress, meaning that they will react to it quicker both mentally and hormonally.
 
Stress hormones are regulated by the brain's hypothalamus As people, they tend to be more impulsive and may struggle with their emotions, explain the researchers, who carried out detailed interviews with the adolescents. Professor Thomas Elbert, one of the lead researchers at the University of Konstanz, said: "It would appear that babies who get signals from their mum that they are being born into a dangerous world are faster responders. They have a lower threshold for stress and seem to be more sensitive to it." The investigators now plan to carry out more detailed investigations following larger numbers of mothers and children to see if they can confirm their suspicions.

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